2025年第3期（总435期）目录
权力转移与秩序变迁：WTO的历史与未来
屠新泉 刘玥君
内容提要：权力转移与国际秩序变迁密切相关，经济发展战略与社会制度变革是国际秩序变迁的结果。WTO作为全球多边贸易体制，受全球经济格局、政治博弈及战略思想变革的影响，其角色变化反映了美国霸权地位及自由贸易思想的兴衰。WTO发展经历了酝酿期、稳固期和转折期，目前正处于秩序转换期。当前国际秩序存在“两极化”倾向，中美博弈已从经济竞争转为全方位竞争，美国不再将WTO作为维持国际经贸霸权的有效工具，而是希望重建“去中国化”的国际经济体系。中美博弈深刻影响WTO的未来走向，中国应认清形势、做好应对。
关键词：际秩序 权力转移 WTO 中美关系 国际制度
基金项目：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“WTO改革的热点议题与中国方案研究”（编号：22JD810003）
作者简介：屠新泉系对外经济贸易大学中国WTO研究院院长、教授，研究方向为WTO、中美经贸关系；刘玥君系对外经济贸易大学中国WTO研究院博士研究生，研究方向为WTO、中国对外开放。
百年变局与新兴国际组织：进程、特征与展望
沈 陈 张尊月
内容提要：当今世界正处于百年未有之大变局，“东升西降”的力量变动推动国际组织的改革与发展。“东升”表现为新兴市场国家和发展中国家在传统国际组织的代表性、话语权不断上升，新兴国际组织不断创设和扩展；“西降”表现为传统国际组织改革受阻，美国等西方国家的“退群毁约”行为对传统国际组织的权威性与稳定性产生了严重负面影响。新兴国际组织不是传统国际组织的替代方案，而是对既有国际秩序的补充与完善，体现了新兴国际组织在继承性和创新性之间的平衡。随着百年变局加速演进，世界进入新的动荡变革期，大国博弈、地缘竞争愈发激烈，新兴国际组织既获得迅速扩员的动力和时机，也面临成员协调和组织运行的新挑战。对此，新兴国际组织应依托其不断扩大的经济规模和政治影响力，逐步成为百年变局深入发展的积极引领者，推动构建更加公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序。
关键词：百年变局 国际组织 国际秩序 新兴市场国家 金砖扩员 “全球南方”
基金项目：研究阐释党的二十大精神国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国特色全球治理观与全球治理体系改革的中国方案”（编号：23ZDA123）、中国社会科学院智库基础研究项目“全球南方崛起与国际秩序转型”（编号：ZKJC251909）
作者简介：沈陈系中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所副研究员，研究方向为南南合作；张尊月系中国社会科学院大学国际政治经济学院博士生，研究方向为全球治理。
全球互联网治理体系变革：争论焦点与中国方案
朱杰进 何 越
内容提要：推动全球互联网治理体系变革是中国积极参与全球治理的重要环节。在全球互联网治理体系改革中，发达国家和发展中国家围绕互联网性质的界定、互联网治理模式的选择、互联网国际合作平台的选择以及数据跨境监管形成四大争论焦点。针对这些争论，中国提出以构建网络空间命运共同体和尊重网络主权为核心的变革理念，既在互联网名称与数字地址分配机构、互联网工程任务组等西方主导的传统国际组织内探索改革路径，又在联合国框架下推动达成新的国际公约，并创建世界互联网大会国际组织等新型国际治理机制。中国方案在一定程度上提升了国际社会对发展中国家网络主权和发展需求的关注，但也面临着战略环境恶化、话语权力结构失衡和联合国治理权威受限等外部挑战。
关键词：互联网治理 网络空间命运共同体 网络主权 全球治理 中国方案
基金项目：上海市社会科学基金项目“中国推动全球治理制度变革的路径研究”（编号：2020BGJ001）
作者简介：朱杰进系复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院教授、博士生导师，研究方向为全球治理与国际组织；何越系复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院博士生，研究方向为全球治理与国际组织。
跨境技术溢出与企业全球价值链地位攀升——基于外国在华专利活动的视角
杨晓亮 范鹏辉 李 冬
内容提要：以外国在华专利申请为表征的跨境技术信息流动如何影响中国企业出口国内增加值率，是研究制度型开放推动企业向全球价值链中高端攀升的一种崭新形式。本文利用中国微观数据，检验外国在华专利申请对企业出口国内增加值率的影响及作用机制。研究发现：外国在华专利申请显著促进了中国企业出口国内增加值率的提升，该结论在经过一系列检验后依旧成立。出口产品质量升级、企业加成率提高和国内外中间品相对价格下降是跨境技术信息流动推动中国企业向全球价值链中高端攀升的关键作用机制。从技术信息含量来看，外国在华发明专利授权的技术溢出效应最大；从所有制性质和贸易类型来看，外国在华专利申请对国有企业和一般贸易企业出口国内增加值率的促进作用尤为显著。研究结论对有效发挥外国先进专利的技术外溢效应，实现中国企业出口贸易高质量发展具有参考价值。
关键词：外国专利 出口国内增加值率 产品质量 加成率 中间品价格 价值链
基金项目：天津市哲学社会科学规划研究项目“国内价值链数字化对优化京津冀创新网络的影响研究”（编号：TJY22-007）
作者简介：杨晓亮系天津财经大学经济学院副教授，研究方向为创新网络与全球价值链；范鹏辉系商务部国际贸易经济合作研究院外国投资研究所研究员，研究方向为产业开放、双向投资；李冬系天津外国语大学滨海外事学院副教授，研究方向为数字经济与贸易开放。
探索构建中国特色数据跨境流动规则体系——以海南自由贸易港为例
李 猛 秦 晶
内容提要：海南在加快建设中国特色自由贸易港进程中，数据跨境流动既是实施更高水平对外开放的重要标志和内容，也是推进实现数字经济和跨境数字贸易高质量发展的基础和关键。海南自由贸易港依靠“一线放开、二线管住”和全岛封关运作等特殊监管政策，具备主动对接国际高标准经贸规则以及率先打造具有中国特色的国际数据跨境流动枢纽港的先天优势。当前，海南自由贸易港推动数据跨境流动面临威胁国家安全、侵犯商业秘密、泄露个人隐私等风险挑战，需要积极借鉴数据跨境流动监管的国际有益经验，主动对接RCEP、CPTPP、DEPA等国际高标准经贸协定的数据跨境流动规则，通过完善数据跨境流动法律法规、加强数据跨境流动分类分级管理、构建数据跨境流动风险防控体系等方式，加快建立起与更高水平对外开放相适应的数据跨境流动规则体系，在风险可控的前提下推进数据跨境安全有序流动，稳步扩大高水平制度型开放。
关键词：海南自由贸易港 数据跨境流动 规则体系 国际经验 制度型开放
基金项目：国家社会科学基金一般项目“竞争中性视角下国有企业国际规制体系构建及我国的对策研究”（20BFX202）、泰山学者工程专项资助项目（编号：tsqn202306207）
作者简介：李猛系山东科技大学文法学院教授，研究方向为国际法、经济体制改革；秦晶系山东科技大学文法学院硕士研究生，研究方向为国际法。
美国对外投资安全审查机制及中国因应
殷 维 朱颐芳
内容提要：美国目前正在构建对外投资安全审查机制，限制美国对华科技投资。该机制以保持美国国际技术优势地位为目的，针对以中国为主的战略竞争对手，精准审查前沿科技领域。这源于大国竞争下美国缓解全球技术霸权危机和转移国内政治经济矛盾的战略谋划，将给中国企业发展和产业升级带来压力，并在美国盟友间引发示范效应，冲击国际投资治理体系。对此，中国应对内营造良好投资生态，善用反制性立法，完善对外投资保障机制，以提升国际投资治理能力；对外坚持推进制度型开放，深化双边、区域投资合作，加强以发展为导向的沟通机制，适时运用国际机制维护中国的合法权益和发展利益。
关键词：对外投资 安全审查 美国对华投资 投资限制 科技竞争
基金项目：重庆市教委人文社会科学研究重点项目“RCEP数据跨境流动规则的实施问题研究”（编号：22SKGH009）
作者简介：殷维系西南政法大学国际法学院副教授，研究方向为国际投资法、国际经济法、全球经济治理；朱颐芳系西南政法大学国际法学院硕士研究生，研究方向为国际经济法。
美国科技公司的地缘政治权力——以乌克兰危机为例
唐 健
内容提要：数字时代的科技公司不仅在数字空间占据主导位置，也在改写物理空间的权力运作逻辑，在地缘政治中扮演重要角色。美国科技公司在全球数字产业链、数字基础设施、数字前沿技术的优势地位使其能够参与地缘政治博弈，主要体现在提升国家力量投送能力、塑造全球信息环境和影响国家间权力平衡三方面。乌克兰危机爆发后，美国科技公司迅速采取行动，对俄罗斯展开经济和科技制裁，帮助乌克兰掌握舆论战、认知战主动权，向乌克兰提供网络安全、信息通信和无人机援助，提升了乌克兰的战斗意志和能力，影响了危机进程。同样的，美国科技公司在美国对华战略竞争中扮演日益重要的角色，中国应利用超大规模市场优势，制约美国科技公司的地缘政治影响力，通过政产学研体系化合作支持本土科技产业发展，确保科技与经济安全，同时推动中国科技企业国际化，为世界提供更多优质科技产品。
关键词：科技公司 地缘政治 国际安全 乌克兰危机 战略竞争 军工复合体
基金项目：国家社会科学基金青年项目“大国竞争背景下美国政治战新态势及其对我国影响与对策研究”（编号：20CGJ030）
作者简介：唐健系中共中央党校（国家行政学院）国际战略研究院副教授，研究方向为国际冲突、中美关系、科技竞争等。
CPTPP原产地规则对中国的影响及对策
董小君 郭澄澄
内容提要：全球价值链重构趋势下，高标准区域贸易协定通过引入共同政策消除边境内壁垒，实现国家间政策的深度协调，正逐步替代以边境准入措施为主的WTO规制，给中国产业链韧性带来一定冲击。从政治、经济和技术三个维度，分析CPTPP成员国原产地规则对非成员国的隐性关税壁垒、生产性服务业市场准入壁垒和知识产权与技术壁垒的影响，形成了贸易制度成本效应、跨境市场准入效应和技术溢出效应三重风险传导机制。通过对中国产业链韧性的风险划分、风险识别和风险预测，分析CPTPP原产地规则对包括中国等非成员国产业链韧性的冲击影响，按照原产地规则限制程度形成超高、高、中高、中低风险四个风险类别，并针对不同类别风险提出应对措施。
关键词：CPTPP 原产地规则 产业链 风险传导机制 RCEP
基金项目：国家社会科学基金重点项目“高标准区域贸易协定下金融制度型开放研究”（编号：24AJY013）、国家社会科学基金青年项目“高标准区域贸易协定对我国产业链供应链冲击影响及风险防范”（编号：23CJY024）
作者简介：董小君系中共中央党校（国家行政学院）经济学教研部教授，研究方向为国际贸易、制度型开放；郭澄澄系中国宏观经济研究院经济研究所助理研究员，研究方向为产业经济、贸易经济。
Power Shift and Order Change: History and Future of WTO
Tu Xinquan Liu Yuejun
Abstract: Power shift is inextricably connected to the change in international order, with shifts in economic development strategies and social systems arising as consequential outcomes. As a global multilateral trading system, the WTO is affected by the global economic pattern, political game, and the change of strategic thought, and its role change also reflects the rise and fall of the hegemony of the US and the thought of free trade. The evolution of the WTO has progressed through a formative phase, a consolidation phase, and a pivotal juncture, currently navigating a period of order change. The current international order shows a tendency of polarization, and the game between China and the US has shifted from economic to all-round competition. The US no longer regards the WTO as an effective tool to maintain international economic and trade hegemony but seeks to rebuild a “de-Sinicized” international economic system. The game between China and the US has a profound impact on the future direction of the WTO. China should evaluate the current landscape and develop strategic responses.
Keywords: international order, power shift, WTO, China-US relations, international system
Changes Unseen in a Century and Emerging International Organizations:
Processes, Characteristics and Prospects
Shen Chen Zhang Zunyue
Abstract: The world today is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century, with the rise of the East and the decline of the West promoting the reform and development of international organizations. The rise of the East shows that the representation and discourse power of emerging market countries and developing countries in traditional international organizations are increasing, and emerging international organizations are constantly established and expanded. The decline of the West shows that the reform of traditional international organizations is hindered, and the actions of breaking treaties and withdrawing from organizations by the US and other Western countries have severely undermined the authority and stability of the traditional international organizations. Emerging international organizations are not an alternative to the traditional ones but a supplement and refinement to the existing international order, reflecting a balance between inheritance and innovation within emerging international organizations. As changes unseen in a century accelerate, the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation, and great power competition and geopolitical rivalries have become increasingly fierce. Emerging international organizations not only have gained impetus and opportunities to rapidly expand their membership but also face new challenges in member coordination and organizational operation. In this regard, emerging international organizations, relying on their expanding economic scale and political influence, should gradually become active leaders guiding further development amid changes unseen in a century and promote the establishment of a more just and equitable new international political and economic order.
Keywords: changes unseen in a century, international organizations, international order, emerging market countries, BRICS membership expansion, Global South
Reform of Global Internet Governance System: Debate Focus and China’s Proposal
Zhu Jiejin He Yue
Abstract: Promoting the reform of the global Internet governance system is a crucial part of China’s participation in global governance. In this reform, disputes between developed and developing countries revolve around four key issues: the nature of the internet, the pattern of governance, selection of international cooperation platform, and cross-border data regulation. In response, China has proposed reform principles centered on building a community with a shared future in cyberspace and respecting cyber sovereignty. These principles guide efforts to explore reform pathways within Western-dominated traditional international organizations, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers and the Internet Engineering Task Force, while also advancing new international conventions under the framework of the United Nations and establishing new international governance mechanisms like the World Internet Conference. While China’s proposal heightens global attention to developing countries’ demands for cyber sovereignty and development, it faces external challenges such as a deteriorating strategic environment, imbalanced discourse power structures, and limited governance authority of the United Nations.
Keywords: Internet governance, community with a shared future in cyberspace, cyber sovereignty, global governance, China’s proposal
Cross-Border Technology Spillover and Rise of Enterprises’ Global Value Chain:
From Perspective of Foreign Patenting Activities in China
Yang Xiaoliang Fan Penghui Li Dong
Abstract: How cross-border technological information flow, represented by foreign patent applications in China, affects the domestic value-added rate in Chinese enterprises’ exports, is a new form to study how institutional opening-up promotes enterprises to move toward the middle- and high-end of the global value chain. Using Chinese micro data, this paper examines the influence of foreign patent applications in China on the domestic value-added rate of Chinese enterprises’ exports and its mechanism. The research findings are as follows. Foreign patent applications in China significantly increase the domestic value-added rate of Chinese enterprises’ exports, and this conclusion is still valid after a series of tests. The upgrading of the quality of export products, improvement of the enterprise markup percentage, and decline of the relative price of intermediate goods worldwide are the key mechanisms for cross-border technological information flow to promote Chinese enterprises to move toward the middle-and high-end of the global value chain. From the perspective of technological information content, the technology spillover effect of foreign invention patent authorization in China is the largest. In light of ownership nature and trade type, foreign patent applications in China significantly boost the domestic value added rate of State-owned enterprises’ and general trade enterprises’ exports. The conclusion of this study has important implications for effectively exerting the technology spillover effect of foreign advanced patents and realizing the high-quality development of Chinese enterprises’ exports.
Keywords: foreign patents, domestic value-added rate in exports, product quality, markup percentage, price of intermediate goods, value chain
Exploring Establishment of Rule System for Cross-border Data Flows With
Chinese Characteristics: Taking Hainan Free Trade Port as Example
Li Meng Qin Jing
Abstract: In the process of accelerating the construction of a free trade port with Chinese characteristics in Hainan, cross-border data flows are not only an important symbol and content of higher-level opening-up but also the foundation and key to promoting the high-quality development of the digital economy and cross-border digital trade. The Hainan Free Trade Port relies on special regulatory policies such as “free flow through the first line and efficient control at the second line” and the independent customs operation throughout Hainan Island, so it has the inherent advantages of actively aligning with international high-standard economic and trade rules and taking the lead in building an international cross-border data flow hub port with Chinese characteristics. However, the Hainan Free Trade Port currently faces risks and challenges in promoting cross-border data flows, such as threats to national security, infringements on trade secrets, and breaches of personal privacy. Therefore, the Hainan Free Trade Port needs to actively learn from beneficial international experience in regulating cross-border data flows and actively align with the cross-border data flow rules in high-standard international economic and trade agreements such as Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and Digital Economy Partnership Agreement. By improving the laws and regulations on cross-border data flows, strengthening the classification and grading management of such flows, and constructing a risk prevention and control mechanism, the Hainan Free Trade Port can accelerate the establishment of a rule system for cross-border data flows suitable for higher-level opening-up, to promote orderly cross-border data flows under controllable risks and steadily expand high-level institutional opening-up.
Keywords: Hainan Free Trade Port, cross-border data flows, rule system, international experience, institutional opening-up
US Outbound Investment Security Review Mechanism and China’s Responses
Yin Wei Zhu Yifang
Abstract: The US is currently establishing a security review mechanism for outbound investment to restrict its scientific and technological investment in China. This mechanism, designed to maintain the US global technological dominance, specifically targets strategic competitors, primarily China, through precise scrutiny over cutting-edge science and technology sectors. Rooted in strategic maneuvering to alleviate crises in the US global technological hegemony and divert domestic political and economic tensions amid great power competition, this initiative will exert pressure on Chinese enterprises’ development and industrial upgrading, trigger demonstration effects among US allies, and destabilize the international investment governance framework. In response, domestically, China should foster a sound investment ecosystem, strategically leverage counteractive legislation, and refine its outbound investment protection mechanisms to enhance governance capabilities in international investment. Internationally, China should persistently advance institutional opening-up, deepen bilateral and regional investment cooperation, strengthen development-oriented communication frameworks, and judiciously deploy international mechanisms to safeguard China’s legitimate rights and interests and developmental interests.
Keywords: outbound investment, security review, US investment in China, investment restrictions, scientific and technological competition
Geopolitical Power of US Technology Companies: Case Study of Ukraine Crisis
Tang Jian
Abstract: In the digital age, technology companies not only dominate the digital space but also reshape the logic of power dynamics in the physical space, so they are playing an increasingly important role in geopolitical competition. The dominant position of US technology companies in the global digital industrial chain, digital infrastructure, and digital frontier technologies enables them to participate in geopolitical games, which is mainly reflected in three aspects: improving national power projection capabilities, shaping the global information environment, and affecting the balance of power among countries. After the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis, US technology companies quickly took action to launch economic and technological sanctions against Russia, helping Ukraine seize the initiative in public opinions and cognitive warfare and providing Ukraine with support in cybersecurity, information communication, and drones, which enhanced Ukraine’s will and ability to fight and affected the crisis process. Similarly, US technology companies are playing an increasingly important role in the US strategic competition with China. China should make good use of its super-large market to limit the geopolitical influence of US technology companies, support the development of domestic science and technology industries through systematic cooperation among the government, enterprises, universities, and research institutions to ensure scientific, technological, and economic security, and promote the internationalization of Chinese technology enterprises to provide the world with more high-quality technology products.
Keywords: technology companies, geopolitics, international security, Ukraine crisis, strategic competition, military-industrial complex
Impact of CPTPP Rules of Origin on China and Countermeasures
Dong Xiaojun Guo Chengcheng
Abstract: Amid ongoing global value chain restructuring, high-standard regional trade agreements are gradually replacing WTO regulations mainly based on border access measures by introducing common policies to eliminate behind-the-border barriers and achieve deep policy coordination among countries, which poses challenges to the resilience of China’s industrial chain. This paper first examines the impact of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) member countries’ rules of origin on non-member countries from political, economic, and technological dimensions, including implicit tariff barriers, market access barriers for producer services, and intellectual property and technological barriers. It next identifies a triple risk transmission mechanism of trade institutional cost effect, cross-border market access effect, and technology spillover effect. Then, through the classification, identification, and prediction of risks affecting the resilience of China’s industrial chain, this paper analyzes the impact of CPTPP rules of origin on the industrial chain resilience of non-member countries, including China, and categorizes the risks into four levels: ultra-high, high, medium-to-high, and medium-to-low based on the restrictiveness of rules of origin. Finally, it proposes targeted countermeasures for each risk level.
Keywords: CPTPP, rules of origin, industrial chain, risk transmission mechanism, RCEP